Implications of Globalisation on Ecology

Introduction
Climate Change and Increase of Green House Gas ( GHG ) emissions:
Over exploitation of Natural Resources:
Extinction of Wildlife due to depletion of their Natural Habitats:
Industrial Accidents
Side Effects of Industries:
Industrial Pollutants:
Global Warming

Introduction

The effects of globalization include quicker access to technology, better communication, innovation, and development. It has been crucial in fostering cross-cultural understanding and economic growth. However, globalization has also given rise to some areas of worry, chief among them being the effects it has had on the environment. The goal of international trade policy has been to address the effects of trade globalization on the environment for decades (Copeland and Taylor, 1994 and 2004). Numerous studies have attempted to determine how trade and economic growth have impacted the ecology. For example, Gale and Mendez (1998) examined the connection between trade, growth, and the environment and found that an increase in economic growth results in a decrease in the quality of the environment. In his study of the impact of trade liberalization on the environment, Dean (2002) discovered that greater global market openness exacerbates existing environmental harm. The effects of trade liberalization and income on the environment have received little attention as well (Coondoo and Dinda, 2002; Chintrakarn and Millimet, 2006). The most notable effects of globalization on ecology include high pollution levels, CO2 emissions, climate change, global warming, and the extinction of many species of wildlife.

Climate Change and Increase of Green House Gas ( GHG ) emissions:

Warmth is maintained on the earth by its atmosphere. One of the main environmental problems is climate change, which is perhaps even more concerning because it is impossible to foresee exactly how it will evolve and what the effects will be. But we do know what causes it.

The greenhouse effect, which is the excessive absorption of solar energy by the atmosphere as a result of an increase in certain gases, particularly CO2, is where climate change primarily starts. Transportation, industrial production, and deforestation were the main sources of CO2 emissions. The phenomenon of globalization has an impact on every component of the earth system. In the context of ecological systems, it is increasingly clear that global connectivity among terrestrial systems, the atmosphere, and the oceans is driving many ecological dynamics at finer scales and pushing the threshold of change (Fagre et al. 2009; MEA, 2005; Rial et al. 2004). For e. g. (IPCC, 2007) The rise in temperature is a result of rising CO2 and other greenhouse gases. According to Manual (2005) and Trenberth (2005), changes in the climate have indirect effects on disturbance regimes, such as altering the intensity of hurricanes that hit the United States and are related to rainfall patterns in Africa. Changing wildlife regimes is a result of climate interactions with terrestrial systems. Through atmospheric particulates, it also links to vast regions on a continent and places all over the world (Allen, 2007; Dale et al. Kitzeberger et al. (2007);, 2001). The melting of polar glaciers is raising the sea level globally, which has an impact on the inland ecosystem and ecosystems close to the coast (Hopkinson et al. , 2008). Transport improvements have made it easier for people to move around, but this has had negative ecological effects on agricultural crops (Perrings et al. , 2010). Human activity frequently facilitates the long-distance movement of intensive plants and animals (Craw et al. , 2008).

Over exploitation of Natural Resources:

A disruption of the earth's ecological cycle is a result of increased product consumption, according to activists. The environment is under stress as a result of rising production of goods as a result of rising consumption. Food and raw materials are now transported from one location to another more frequently as a result of globalization. Increased levels of pollution, such as noise pollution and landscape disturbance, are a result of the amount of fuel used to transport these goods. The demand on non-renewable energy sources has increased due to transportation. In addition to causing the ozone layer to thin, the gases released by aircraft also increased the greenhouse effect. Previously, people would only eat food that was produced locally, but as a result of globalization, people are now also consuming goods that are produced abroad, such as. e. McDonald's. One of the main contributors over the past century has been industrial activity, particularly as mining and manufacturing have increased. Earth mineral extraction is a major source of revenue for the majority of industries. Whether it be coal or iron, improper disposal results in industrial waste lingering in the soil for a long time and rendering it unusable. In addition, mountains are being cut in different parts of the world to make room for a highway or a passing tunnel. Large tracts of desolate land have been invaded in order to build industries. The resources for the land that are currently available are under pressure.

Extinction of Wildlife due to depletion of their Natural Habitats:

Deforestation is the deliberate removal of forest trees from a landscape so that it can be used for other purposes. g. construction of factories and industries. Wildlife in the forest is uprooted when the trees are cut down. In the last few decades, a great deal of species have disappeared. Another indirect connection exists between globalization and the extinction of some species. Certain species were displaced by human activities, the establishment of industry, and urban sprawl. Land was therefore required to establish industries as part of the industrialization process. Natural resource overuse threatens and devastates the habitats of various plant and animal species. Due to a dearth of institutional and policy frameworks, a large number of species were either threatened with extinction or were already extinct (MoEF, 2001:2). It is more difficult for the environment to recover from each natural disaster, and species are disappearing at an increasing rate. Mountains are being cut in various parts of the world so that a passing tunnel or highway can be built. Large tracts of desolate land have been invaded to make way for industries. The resources for the land that are currently available are under pressure. The Biological Diversity Act of 2002, introduced by the Indian government, was put into effect to protect these species. It incorporates rules established for the preservation and protection of a wide variety of living things.

If nothing changes, according to the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), by 2030, humankind will use up twice as many resources as the planet does annually. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that 22% of the world's mammal species, 24% of its snake species, 31% of its amphibian species, and 35% of its bird species are in danger. On Earth, deforestation is thought to be one of the main causes of climate change.

Industrial Accidents

Industrial accidents e.g. oil spills, fires, leak of radioactive material and harm to property. It is difficult to clean-up because it has a higher impact in a shorter span of time. Also, Globalisation has lead to industrialization. It has brought economic development, prosperity, provided employment opportunities. On the contrary it leads to numerous environmental hazards like emitting pollution of various kinds:

1. It leads to air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

2. Global warming, climatic changes, acid rain is the major consequences of industrialization.

3. It leads to the degradation of land quality.

4. It leads to the generation of hazardous waste whose safe disposal becomes a big problem.

Side Effects of Industries:

1. Metal contaminants such as Cd, Zn, Hg, etc. kill bacteria and beneficial microorganisms in the soil.
2. Industrial wastes, including toxins, can have negative effects on humans and animals when they enter the food chain.
3. Industrial waste ruins the biological purification process used to treat sewage, which leads to a number of diseases that are spread through the soil and water.
4. When humans consume food containing radio-nuclides, they are exposed to radioactive industrial pollutants, which can lead to unfavorable disease.

Industrial Pollutants:

Loaded onto ships and dumped into the oceans is the production's industrial waste. As a result, many aquatic organisms have died and hazardous chemicals have been dumped into the ocean. the harm done to the ecosystem by the oil that British Petroleum's leaking containers spilled in 2010. Many harmful weeds and plants have grown as a result of various chemicals being thrown into the soil. Plants have suffered significant harm as a result of the toxic waste's interference with their genetic makeup. Plastic is one of the main toxic pollutants, according to numerous studies conducted over the years. Plastic is incredibly useful for packaging and preserving goods that are being exported, though. The use of plastic has also increased as a result, greatly polluting the environment. According to a study by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), industrial pollution makes up about 50% of all pollution in the United States. Industrial air pollution has many effects on the environment and poses health risks. The following are a few of them:

a) Global warming
b) Acid Rain
c) Respiratory Disorder
d) Ozone layer Depletion

Different Types of Pollutions

Pollution of the water: For the purposes of production, industries need a lot of water. Heavy metals, dangerous chemicals, radioactive waste, organic sludge, etc. come into contact with water during production processes. These are either discharged into rivers or open waters. Because of this, industrial and manufacturing waste is present in large quantities in water sources, which has negative effects on the environment and people in particular. Farmers then use the same water for irrigation. Groundwater resources are now useless to both people and wildlife due to water pollution. At best, it can be recycled and used again in various industries.
Soil pollution: Two of the main causes of the widespread land pollution the planet is currently dealing with are industrialization and the growing human population. It is the "contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may have adverse effects on living organisms.". Eight main factors contribute to soil pollution: industrial activity, agricultural activity, waste management, and unintentional oil spills.
Air pollution: The introduction of various hazardous chemicals, particulate matter, toxic substances, and biological organisms into the earth's atmosphere is referred to as air pollution. Factory and industrial operations are frequently cited as major contributors to air pollution.

Global Warming

Global warming is getting worse as a result of an increase in industrial pollution. Additionally contributing to the rise in global warming are the smoke and greenhouse gases that are released by factories and industries. melting of glaciers, polar bear extinction, hurricanes, floods, and tsunamis, among other things. a result of global warming.